Whittington's 'Classical' and 'Processual' school of thoughts

Whittington takes what he considers to be the key differentiating dimensions of strategy formulation, 'outcomes' and 'processes', and from them creates a grid containing four generic approaches to strategy. He analyses the underlying assumptions and main characteristics of each perspective, recognising the fact that there could be other possible hybrid approaches, and relating each approach to case studies of real organisations, discussing the implications for strategic management.